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Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Loudon
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Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Loudon
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Marc Loudon, Jim Parise
Organic Chemistry, 7th Ed. Loudon
ISBN: ISBN-13: 978-1319335915, ISBN-10: 1319335918
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1. "CHEMICAL BONDING AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE"
(13)
Molecular Formula
Lewis Structures
Electronegativity & Bond Polarity
Formal Charge
Bonding Types
Resonance Structures
Carbocations and Carbanions
Molecular Orbitals
IHD
Constitutional Isomers
Hybridization
Bond Strength
VSEPR Theory
2. "ALKANES AND ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE"
(14)
Nomenclature - General Rules
Nomenclature of Alkanes
Newman Projections
Sawhorse Projections
Converting between Newman and Sawhorse
Staggered & Eclipse Conformations
Energy Calculations of Comformations
Conformational Isomers
Torsional Strain
Functional Groups
General Forces
Boiling Point
Intro to Synthesis and Retrosynthesis
General Reactions
3. "THE CURVED-ARROW NOTATION, ACIDS AND BASES, AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM"
(8)
Magic Number 5.7
Factors to Determine Acid Strength
Factors to Determine Base Strength
Predicting the Product
Curved Arrows
pH Effects on pKa
Extraction of Organic Compounds
Radiolabeling
4. "INTRODUCTION TO ALKENES AND ALKYNES. STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY"
(28)
Properties of Alkenes
Properties of Alkynes
Acetylide Formation
Nomenclature of Alkenes
Nomenclature of Alkynes
Stereochemistry of Alkenes
Synthesis of Alkenes
Synthesis of Alkynes
Equilibrium Constant and Free Energy
Enthalpy and Entropy
Kinetics and the Rate Equation
Activation Energy
Transition States
Interpreting Energy Diagrams
Synthesis of Alkyl Halides
Nucleophilic Addition
Reduction Reactions with Alkynes (Hydrogenation)
Hydration of Alkynes
Hydroboration of Alkynes
Halogenation of Alkynes
Oxymercuration of Alkynes
Addition of HX of Alkynes
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes
Retrosynthesis - Related to Alkenes and Alkynes
Rearrangements Starting with Alkenes
Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry of Alkene Reactions
The Hammond Postulate
Hydration
5. "ADDITION REACTIONS OF ALKENES AND ALKYNES"
(20)
Electrophilic Addition
Hydrohalogenation
Halogenation
Halohydrin Formation
Addition of Alcohol
Oxymercuration
Hydroboration
Dihydroxylation
Carbene Reaction
Conversion to Alcohols
Oxidative cleavage (Ozonolysis & KMnO4)
Hydrogenation
Rearrangements Starting with Alkenes
Free Radical Addition of HBr
Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry of Alkene Reactions
Oxidation of Alkenes
Bromination of Alkenes
Diol Formation
Simmons–Smith Reaction
Conversion to Alkenes
6. "PRINCIPLES OF STEREOCHEMISTRY"
(11)
Nomenclature of Stereoisomers
Identifying Stereocenters
Diastereomers
Meso Compounds
Optical Activity
Properties of Stereoisomers
Separation Techniques
Fischer & Newman Projections
Enantiomers
Stereoisomers
Haworth Formula
7. "CYCLIC COMPOUNDS AND REACTION STEREOCHEMISTRY"
(4)
Stability Trend of Rings
Conformations of Cyclohexane
Energy Calculations of Chair Cyclohexane
Bicyclic Molecules
8. "NOMENCLATURE AND NONCOVALENT INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS"
(9)
Solubility
Melting Point
Retrosynthesis - Related to Alcohols
Properties of Alcohols
Nomenclature of Alcohols
Synthesis of Alcohols
Nomenclature of Ethers
Synthesis of Ethers
Ether Cleavage through Sn1
9. "THE CHEMISTRY OF ALKYL HALIDES. SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTIONS"
(18)
Sn1 Reaction and Characteristics
Sn2 Reaction and Characteristics
Sn1 Vs Sn2 Summary Chart
E1 Reaction and Characteristics
E2 Reaction and Characteristics
E1 Vs E2 Summary Chart
Rearrangement Considerations for Sn1
Rearrangement Considerations for E1
Substitution vs Elimination Summary
Nucleophillic Substitution
Kinetics and the Rate Equation
Activation Energy
Synthesis of Alkyl Halides
Intramolecular Substitution Reactions
Hydride Shift
Methyl Shift
Ring Expansion
Ring Reduction
10. "FREE-RADICAL REACTIONS, MAIN GROUP ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS, AND CARBENES"
(25)
Conversion to Alkanes
Bond Dissociation Energy
Free Radical Halogenation
Free Radical Reactions
Reactivity-Selectivity Principle
Determining the Stereochemsitry of Radical Halogenation
Miscellaneous Radical Reactions
Grignard Formation
Reaction of Grignards with Acid [H+]
Addition of Grignards to Carbonyl Compounds
Reaction of Grignards with CO2
Formation of Organolithium Reagents
Formation of Gilman Reagents
Substitution with Gilman Reagents
Addition with Gilman Reagents
Electron Counting with Metals
General Ligand Reaction Types
Stille Reaction
Sonogashira Reaction
Addition of Organolithium Reagents
Addition of Organolithium Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds
Olefin Metathesis
Metathesis
General Reactions of Organometallics
Polymerization of Dienes
11. "THE CHEMISTRY OF ALCOHOLS AND THIOLS"
(16)
Acid & Base Properties of Alcohols
Diols
Conversion to Alkenes by Dehydration
Alcohol Conversion to Alkyl Halides
Oxidation of Alcohols
Electrophilic Substitution Reactions with Alcohols
Conversion to Tosylates, Mesylates, Triflates
Pinacol Rearrangement
Inversion vs Double Inversion
Oxidative Cleavage of Vicinal Diols
Alcohol Protection
Conversions to Alcohols
Protection as Silyl Ethers
Thiol Formation
Thiol Oxidation to Disulfides
Reduction of Thioacetals to Alkanes
12. "THE CHEMISTRY OF ETHERS EPOXIDES, GLYCOLS, AND SULFIDES"
(7)
Nomenclature of Epoxides
Synthesis of Epoxides
Epoxide Opening Reactions
Sharpless Epoxidation of Alkenes
Epoxidation [RCOH]
Ether Cleavage with Acid
Sharpless Epoxidation
13. "INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPY. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY"
(3)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
IR Spectroscopy
Characteristic Absorptions in IR region
14. "NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY"
(7)
NMR Theory
Magnetic Shielding
Chemical Shifts
The Number of Signals
Areas of the Peak
Spin-Spin Coupling
Chart Interpretation Trends
15. "DIENES AND AROMATICITY"
(13)
Principles
1,2 and 1,4 Addition
Thermodynamic/Kinetic Product
Properties of Dienes
Nomenclature of Dienes
Synthesis of Dienes
Conjugate Addition
Conjugate Substitution
Diels Alder Reaction
Diels Alder
UV Theory
Absorption Trends
UV Analysis in Medicine
16. "THE CHEMISTRY OF BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES"
(16)
Nitration
Halogenation
Sulfonylation [SO/HSO]
Friedel Crafts Alkylation
Friedel Crafts Acylation
Iodination
Reduction of Nitro Groups
Reduction of Benzyl Carbonyl
Side chain Halogenation
Side chain Oxidation
Electrophillic Substitution
Sulphonation
Nucleophillic Substitution
Alkylation
Benzene Reactions
NBS Halogenation
17. "ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC REACTIVITY"
(7)
Allylic Bromination [NBS]
Benzyne Reactions
Benzyne Diels Alder Reaction
Terpenes Reactions
Terpene Synthesis
Steroids
Biosynthesis of Terpenes
18. "THE CHEMISTRY OF ARYL HALIDES, VINYLIC HALIDES, AND PHENOLS, TRANSITION-METAL CATALYSIS"
(15)
Acidity of Phenols
Dow Process
Phenyl Ether to Phenol
Kolbe Reaction
General Reactions of Phenols
(SnAr) Addition/Elimination Reactions
(SnAr) Elimination/Addition Reactions
Diazonium Formation
Diazonium Reactions
Claisen Rearrangement
Claisen Rearrangement
Cope Rearrangement
Cope Rearrangement
Heck Reaction
Suzuki Reaction
19. "THE CHEMISTRY OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES, CARBONYL-ADDITION REACTIONS"
(31)
General Characteristics of Aldehydes and Ketones
Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones
Hydrate Formation (Gem-diols)
Nitrile Addition
Cyanohydrin Formation
Reduction of Aldehydes & Ketones
Grignard Addition to Aldehydes & Ketones
Acetal & Hemiacetals
Acetal Hydrolysis
Imine
Enamine
Imine Reactions
Stork Enamine Reaction
Wolff-Kishner - Reduction to Alkanes
Clemmensen Reduction to Alkanes
Oxidation to Carboxylic Acid
Tollens Test
Reductive Amination
Wittig Reaction: Alkene Formation
Thioacetal Formation
Cannizarro Reaction
Beckmann Rearrangement
Baeyer-Villiger Reaction
Hydrolysis of Hemiacetals
Reductive Deoxygenation
Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones
General Reactions of Aldehyde and Ketones
General Reactions of Acetals and Hemiacetals
Acetal Group Protecting Reactions
Pinacol Rearrangement
20. "THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS"
(15)
Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
Acid/Base Principles of COOH
Conversion to Acyl Halide
Conversion to Acid Anhydride
Conversion to Ester
Conversion to Amide
Conversion to Nitrile
Reduction of Carboxylic Acids
Fischer Esterification Reaction
Conversion to Lactones
General Reactions and Characteristics of Benzoyl Compounds
General Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Synthesis of Fatty Acids
21. "THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES"
(48)
General Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivates
Nomenclature of Acyl Halides
Synthesis of of Acyl Halides
Acyl Halides Conversion to Anhydrides
Acyl Halides Conversion to Esters
Acyl Halides Conversion to Carboxylic Acids
Acyl Halides Conversion to Amides
Acyl Halides Conversion to Ketones
Acyl Halides Conversion to Aldehydes
Curtius Rearrangement
Nucelophilic Acyl Substitution
Nomenclature of Amides
Amide Formation Using DCC
Amide Formation from Acid Halides
Amide Formation from Acid Anhydrate
Amide Formation from Nitriles
Dehydration of Amides to Nitriles
Hydrolysis of Amides
Amide Reduction (making Amines)
Hofmann Rearrangement
General Characterisitcs of Amides
General Reactions of Amides
Nomenclature of Anhydrides
Synthesis of Anhydrides
Anhydrides Conversion to Esters
Anhydrides Conversion to Carboxylic Acids
Anhydrides Conversion to Amides
Cyclic Anhydrides
Hydrolysis of Anhydride
Nomenclature of Esters
Synthesis of Esters
Reduction of Esters
Carbon Nucleophiles to Esters
Hydrolysis - Conversion Esters to Carboxylic Acid
Esters Conversion to Amide
Transesterification
Esters Addition of Grignard Reagents
Lactones
Reduction of Lactones
Ring Opening Reactions of Lactones
Conversion to Lactones
Synthesis of Nitriles
Substitution Reactions with Nitriles
Reduction to Amines [LiAlH]
Hydrolysis to Carboxylic Acids
Conversion to Aldehydes and Ketones
Reduction to Imines
Beckmann Rearrangement
22. "THE CHEMISTRY OF ENOLATE IONS, ENOLS, AND α,β-UNSATURATED CARBONYL COMPOUNDS"
(24)
Enolate Formation
Enolate Ions
Keto-Enol Tautomerism
Alkylation of Enolates
Hell-Vollhard-Zolinsky Reaction
Decarboxylation
Alpha Alkylation Reactions
Alpha Reactions
Malonic Ester Synthesis
Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
Synthesis of Keto Esters
Darzens Reaction
Alpha Reactions with Amides
Alpha Halogenation
Alpha Reactions
Haloform Reaction
Aldol Addition Reaction
Retro-Aldol Reaction
Claisen Condensation
Dieckmann Condensation
Conjugate Addition
Conjugate Addition
Robinson Annulation
Michael Addition
23. "THE CHEMISTRY OF AMINES"
(20)
Properties of Amines
Nomenclature of Amines
Synthesis - Azide Reduction
Synthesis - Gabriel Synthesis
Synthesis - Reductive Amination
Amines as Bases
Alkylation of Amines
Acylation of Amines
Hofmann Elimination
Cope Elimination
Hinsberg Test
Formation of Diazonium Salts
Diazonium Salts
Azo Coupling
Stork Enamine Reaction
Mannich Reaction
Enamine Hydrolysis
Conversion to Amines
Curtius Rearrangement
Hoffman Rearrangement
24. "CARBOHYDRATES"
(15)
General Introduction
Classification of Carbohydrates
Formation of Cyclic Hemiacetal
Mutarotation
Reduction of Monosaccharides
Oxidation of Monosaccharides
Enediol Rearrangement of Monosaccharides
Reducing vs Non Reducing Sugars
Osazone Formation
Glycosides
Ether and Ester Formation
Periodic Acid Reaction
Ruff Degradation
Kiliani Fischer Synthesis
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
25. "THE CHEMISTRY OF THIOESTERS, PHOSPHATE ESTERS, AND PHOSPHATE ANHYDRIDES"
26. "THE CHEMISTRY OF THE AROMATIC HETEROCYCLES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS"
(5)
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
Heterocyclic Compounds
Properties of Aromatic Systems
Aromaticity
Antiaromatic and Nonaromatic
27. "AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES, AND PROTEINS"
(5)
Amino Acids
Zwitter Ions
Peptide Synthesis
General Properties of Proteins
Strecker Synthesis
28. "PERICYCLIC REACTIONS"
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